Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Autocorrelation (Econometrics)

Autocorrelation (Econometrics) Free Online Research Papers Autocorrelation can be defined as correlation between the variables of some observations at different points of time if it is about a â€Å" time series data†, or it will be correlation between the variables of some observations at different space if it is about â€Å" cross sectional data†. The classical linear regression model (CLRM) according to the regression context does not exist in the error (ui) this can be written in this form E(uiuj) = 0 i ? j The classical model have an assumption saying that the disturbance of a certain observation does not change or be effected from the disturbances of any other observations, but if the equation was like this: E(uiuj) ? 0 i ? j then in this case the disturbance in a certain observation can be affected by the disturbance in other observations. When the autocorrelation is calculated, the number that results can fall between +1 and -1. When the result is autocorrelation of +1 this means that perfect positive correlation which explains that an increase that happens in one time series will result an increase proportional to the other time series, while if the result was -1 this means that perfect negative correlation occurs and this explains that if an increase happened in one time series the results will be proportionate decrease in the other time series. This type of value can be used in a useful way for computing for security analysis. For example, â€Å"if you know a stock historically has a high positive autocorrelation value and you witnessed the stock making solid gains over the past several days, you might reasonably expect the movements over the upcoming several days (the leading time series) to match those of the lagging time series and to move upwards.† There are some consequences if we used OLS while the presence of autocorrelation, the estimators of the OLS will be still linear unbiased as well as â€Å" consistent† and â€Å"asymptotically† normally distributed, but they will not be efficient any more, the same thing also happens with the heteroscedasticity. There are four methods to detect the autocorrelation which are: Graphical Method The Runs Test Durbin-Watson d test A general test for autocorrelation: the Breusch-Godfrey or (BG) test Let’s talk about each one separately The first is the graphical method: â€Å" the assumption of non autocorrelation of the classical model relates to the population disturbance ut , they are not directly observable, but instead of them we have their proxies ?t which we can obtain by using the normal OLS steps.† There are a lot of ways to examine the residual, the easiest is that we can plot them against time and this is called â€Å" Time sequence plot† also we can plot the â€Å" Standardized Residual† against time, the standardized residuals are not the real residuals they are the samples which are made like this â€Å"?t â€Å" their values are always pure numbers and we can make a comparison between it and the standardized residual of another regression. The second is the â€Å" Run Test† and sometimes it is called â€Å"Geary test which is a â€Å" test that we make no assumption about the distribution from which the observations are drawn or it is called a non parametric test† : this occurs when the set of data that we are working on is divided in to negative and positive observations, then in this data we will find several residuals that are positive and another several residuals that are negative. The run is defined as â€Å" an un interrupted sequence of one simple† which means that for example if we have in the observation ten positive numbers under each other then they are in a set alone and then we had eleven negative numbers they will be in a set alone and then we had another five positive numbers so this will be another set and not added to the other positive set they are written like this: (++++) () (+++++++) The runs length is determined through the number of elements inside every set for example in the example here we have three runs the first is containing four pluses the second is containing six minuses and the third run is containing seven pluses. â€Å" One can derive a test of randomness of runs, by examining how runs behave in a strictly random sequence of observations.† We must look to the number of runs that we have for instance in the previous example they are consisting of three runs and seventeen observations. â€Å" we must look if this is too many or too few compared with the number of runs expected in a strictly random sequence of seventeen observations.† â€Å" if it is consisting of too many runs it means that the residual changes signs a lot so the indicates negative serial correlation, and if they were containing of very few runs they may suggest positive auto correlation.† There are some shortcuts that are done to make things become easier which are: â€Å" N: Total number of observations = N1+N2† â€Å" N1: Number of the plus residuals† â€Å" N2: Number of minus residuals† â€Å" R: Number of runs† â€Å" Under the null hypothesis the successive outcomes are independent and we make an assumption that N1 > 10 and N2 > 10† â€Å" Mean: E(R) = (2 N1N2 )/N+ 1† â€Å" Variance: ?_(R= (2N_(1 N_(2 ( 2 N_1 N_2-N)) ))/((?N)?^2 (N-1)))^2† The third is the â€Å" Durbin Watson d test† it is the most known test for getting the serial correlation and it is defined in the following equation: d = (?_(t=2)^(t=1)(?t-t ?_(-1))^2 ?)/(?_(t=1)^(t=n)t ?^2 ) This equation is the â€Å" ratio of the sum of squared differences in successive residuals to the RSS† the number that we get from the numerator of the â€Å" d statistic† equation is â€Å" n-1†. There is a great advantage of the â€Å" d statistic† which is that it is â€Å" based on the estimated residual, which are calculated in the regression analysis.† There are six assumptions used in the d-statistic which are: â€Å" The regression model includes the intercept term. Sometimes it is not presented as in the case of the regression through the origin, it is essential to rerun the regression including the intercept term to obtain the RSS† â€Å" The explanatory variables are non stochastic or fixed in repeated sampling.† â€Å" The disturbance are generated by the first order autoregressive scheme: ut = put-1+?_t. Therefore it cannot be used to detect higher order autoregressive schemes. â€Å" The error term ut is assumed to be normally distributed.† â€Å" The regression model does not include the lagged values of the dependent variable as one of the explanatory variables.† â€Å" There are no missing observations in the data.† There is a line that is from 0 till d From o till dL â€Å" Reject Ho evidence of positive autocorrelation.† From dL till dU â€Å"Zone of indecision† From dU till 2 and from 2 till 4-dU we do not reject H0 or H0* or both From 4 – du till 4 – dL: â€Å" is called the zone of indecision. From 4 – dL till 4 reject H0* evidence of negative autocorrelation. There is a rule that says H0: No positive autocorrelation and H0*: No negative autocorrelation. There are some rules that we have to define from it:Type equation here. p ?= ((U_(t ) ) ?(U_t ) ?-1?)/((U_t^2 ) ? ) By using the previous equation we can say that d?2(1-p ?) There is another equation says -1 ? p ? 1 implies that o ? d ? 4 any estimated d value must lie between these limits. In the first equation if p ? = 0, d = 2, this is only in the case if there is no serial correlation, then d is expected to be 2, if d was 2 in an application then there is an assumption that can be made that â€Å" there is no first order autocorrelation, either positive or negative, if p ? was +1 this indicates perfect positive correlation in the residuals. When d is closer to zero this means that the evidence of positive serial correlation is great, and if there is autocorrelation the residuals will be bunched together and their differences will therefore tend to be small, and as a result of this the numerator some of squares will be smaller in comparison with denominator sum of squares, if p ? was -1 this means that there is a negative correlation among successive residuals, d?4 the closer the d to 4 the greater the evidence of negative serial correlation. After we assume the assumptions that are listed above then we can go in the procedures of Durbin Watson test correctly which are: â€Å" Run the OLS regression and obtain the residuals.† â€Å" Calculate d from d = (?_(t=2)^(t=1)(?t-t ?_(-1))^2 ?)/(?_(t=1)^(t=n)t ?^2 ) and this is a step that most of the computers do.† â€Å" For the given sample size and the given numbers of explanatory variables find out the critical dL and dU variables.† The fourth and last one is the Breusch Godfrey or (BG) test: It is a test that is made to not do the wrong things that happened in the Durbin Watson test of autocorrelation, and this test allows â€Å" no stochastic repressors such as the lagged values of the regressand, and higher order autoregressive scheme.† Y = B1 + B2Xt +Ut Assume that the error term (Ut) is as follows: Ut =P1Ut-1 + P2Ut-2 ¬ + †¦+ PpUt-p + ?t The Ho that is going to be tested is P1 = P2 = †¦ = Pp = 0 The Breusch Godfrey test steps is like this: â€Å"Estimate Y = B1 + B2Xt +Ut by OLS and obtain the residual.† â€Å" regress Ut on the original Xt.† â€Å" if the sample size is large (BG) have shown that: (n – p)R2~ X2p There are many tests for autocorrelation because there is â€Å" no particular test has yet been judjed to be unequivocally best and thus the analysts are still in the unenviable position of considering a varied collection of test procedures for detecting the presence or structure or both of autocorrelation.† There are some steps that we have to do when we find autocorrelation the first is to try to find out if the autocorrelation is â€Å"pure autocorrelation† and not as a result of mis-specification of the model, the second thing is that it was â€Å"pure autocorrelation appropriate transformation of the original model can be used, because in the transformed model we do not have the problem of pure autocorrelation, the third thing is â€Å" in a large sample we can use the newly west method to obtain standard error of OLS estimators that are corrected for autocorrelation.† The fourth and last thing is that â€Å"in some situations we can continue to use the OLS method† Research Papers on Autocorrelation (Econometrics)Research Process Part OneStandardized TestingIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayThe Fifth HorsemanThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenDefinition of Export QuotasInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of Self

Sunday, November 24, 2019

My Career Goals Written Communication COM 299

My Career Goals Written Communication COM 299 AbstractIn 2002, the Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy said over 70% of enlisted personnel who are promoted to the rank of Chief Petty Officer (E7), Senior Chief Petty Officer (E8), or Master Chief Petty Officer (E9) in today's Naval Service have a college degree. It is my firm belief that an Associate of Art's Degree will assist me in being promoted to my next higher pay grade, provide my children with a father who is more confident assisting with their school work, and help me obtain a better paying position in the civilian community after my Naval career.How an Associate of Art's Degree Contributes to My Career GoalsWhen I joined the Navy in 1981, having a degree was not as important as it is today. During recent years, however, having a degree of higher education is very important for promotion in all branches of the military, especially the Navy.In today's Navy, sailors are enlisting with associate and bachelor degrees. If smarter sailors are entering the military, so the l eaders of today's Navy have to be smarter as well. In order to keep up with the personnel joining the military today, I need to have a college degree. An associate of art's degree will help me keep up with my junior personnel. It will also assist me in promotion, and will allow me to articulate my thoughts more clearly, concisely, and effectively with other educated people.Approximately 70% of all personnel promoted from the enlisted ranks of the Navy have some form of higher education or a degree. If I did not obtain the same level of education as my subordinates, I would not be as effective a leader. If I fail selection to the next higher pay grade, an associate degree will afford me...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Customer Relation Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Customer Relation Management - Essay Example The incident reported by Christina Pazzanese of Boston Globe, recounts a dissatisfying service in getting a train-delay refund attributed to slow and inefficient customer service. Considering the amount involved in a train refund, it is relevantly cheap; however, such dissatisfaction breeds anger and frustration on the part of the client. The problem is service related. According to Bowen et. al., â€Å"customers also care about fair treatment in connection with two service experiences they might have – the service delivery itself [†¦] and what the business does to recover when customers are disappointed by the service delivery.† (1999). It is thereby essential that when first service encounter with the customer fails, a recovery step should be carried out to ensure that the expected obligation by the client is fulfilled. In the case of Pazzanese’s report, the first service encounter has already failed whereby the train is behind schedule. From such a dissat isfying service, the company attempts to compensate by providing a refund. The refund procedure is another failure because of the long delay that client had to wait therefore defeating the purpose of service recovery. Adding to such discomfort is a series of complaints relayed by the client such as the missing indication of date and time of the refund in the notification slip to identify the specific period and separate one delay refund from another and the lack of rejection notice sent to the client to notify client of the reason for the rejection.

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Hilda Polacheck, I Came a Stranger Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hilda Polacheck, I Came a Stranger - Essay Example The aspect of citizenship manifest strongly in the Hilda Polacheck of â€Å"I Came a Stranger.† The narration by Hilda about her life experiences gives us a view of the historical perspectives of citizenship in America. When arriving in USA with the mother and the siblings, Hilda Polacheck experienced the problem of gaining access to the American social system. Hilda narrates how the immigration officers in America confined her family and immigrants in a camp with deplorable conditions. The reason for the treatment was to prevent entry of people who become a public charge, and burden the government. The American authority of the time only allowed entry to immigrants who could support themselves. This experience by Hilda Polacheck helps us understand the history and significant of the Immigration and Naturalization Act of 2008. A clause in the Act prohibits issue of citizenship to immigrants who can become a burden to the public. 1The immigration officials have the responsibilities to examine skills, financial resources, physical abilities, health status and education of the immigrants before allowing entry into the country. During the historic America, there was a belief that poor immigrants would flood the country with anticipation to enjoy the economic prosperity. 2To become an American citizen through naturalization is never easy or automatic. A person has to undergo various screenings, and must have stayed in America for longer time. The given immigrant applying for naturalization must proved with authentic documentation that they have stayed in America longer enough to warrant issue of citizenship. This aspect of citizenship is evident the narration of Hilda Polacheck. In the book, Hilda mentions that her father died without having gained citizenship despite having applied. The reason given for the reluctance by the US official was that the

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Anticoagulation Therapy for Stroke Prevention Case Study

Anticoagulation Therapy for Stroke Prevention - Case Study Example Most anticoagulants are associated with adverse drug reactions, concerns for their duration of action, bleeding risk, and the need to carry out monitoring while adjusting dosages during the treatment period. Therefore, selection of appropriate anticoagulant for preventing Atrial Fibrillation must ensure that the practitioner considers these factors. From a therapeutic perspective, reports show that Warfarin is the first line anticoagulant for patients with Atrial Fibrillation (Nice guideline 2012), especially when the condition is primary or severe because it curbs the development of stroke. Besides, reports show that oral administration has had long-term safety for the past 50 years (AABB, 2014). In addition to that, its effect can be reversed with vitamin k antidote in case of bleeding (AABB, 2014). Moreover, warfarin has reduced rates of major gastrointestinal bleeding and myocardial infarction comparing with the novel oral anticoagulants (NHS Information Centre, 2014). Despite it s complete absorption after oral administration, Warfarin is slow acting anticoagulant with a long half-life. Its two active enantiomers (R and S forms) have different therapeutic potency, metabolism, and clearance pathways (Hirsh, 2003). Besides, it has a delayed anticoagulant effect from two to 3 days while its duration of action continues for 2 to 5 days after a single dose administration. However, dosing of Warfarin can be described as complicated; this is due to its interaction with some foods containing vitamin K.

Friday, November 15, 2019

Impact Of Globalisation On Emerging Market Economies

Impact Of Globalisation On Emerging Market Economies The concept of globalisation is a phenomenon that has been spoken about all over the world. As described in essay one, globalisation is the increase in the interconnectedness of the different countries of the world, economically, socially, politically and technologically to resemble a village, largely facilitated by the increase in information and communication technology. Again as mentioned in essay one, Globalisation is not a new phenomenon, for centurys individuals and later companies, institutions and corporations have been trading with each other in locations that are tremendously far from their point of origin. The Asians for example used the monsoon winds that occurred after a space of six months to move from their countries and reach Africa to trade i.e. buy and sell products to the Africans. China and Europe were also connected during the middle ages through the famed Silk Road across Central Asia. This allowed the two parties to invest to one another which are an aspect of globalisation. This depicts the fact that for a long time globalisation was in existence but not recognised as today as globalisation (Jagdish, 2004). Globalisation attempts to depict the steps by which the networks in the world in terms of communication, transportation and trading cause the linking (integration) of the regional economies, societies, cultures, as well as technologies. At this point in time most of the world is considering the aspect of economic globalisation as one of the single most significant aspect of globalisation. With this in mind economic globalisation has been separately defined as the linking of economies of different nations to create an international economy via trade, FDIs, Investment cash flows, and the disperse of technology. Globalisation is usually recognised as being driven by the union of the economic, technological, socio-cultural, political, environmental and biological factors. The effect of globalisation have widely been reported which have been viewed as positive and negative. Different countries have viewed globalisation differently. To some countries such as the less developed countries (LDCs) they view it as a means of destroying the indigenous culture and the imposition of the western cultures such as the way of dressing, the way of talking, the mode of economic activity undertakings, the social events etc. while other nations view it as a means of modernizing and providing civil cultures to the uncivilized, it is introducing new technology for the betterment of the countries that lack technology, the creation of new opportunities ion terms of businesses etc. An interest however has evolved on to why this phenomenon is now widely embraced by the emerging economies and to what extent are these economies benefiting and not loosing from this phenomenon. This essay will focus on critically assessing the impact of globalisation on a specific emerging economy which is China. The aspects that will be focused upon include the analysis of the issues discussed in essay one. Which include: The rise of globalisation in China, the impacts of globalization socially, economically, environmentally and technologically on China and finally make a conclusion and recommendations. 2.0 The rise of globalisation in China The term globalisation did not enter into the Chinese official system till the 1996, nevertheless, the leaders had already acknowledged the aspect way before that date. Some references to globalisation appeared in academic writings in the early 1990s, but the dominant concepts in scholarly and policymaking circles were interdependence, integration, and internationalisation. The first time that globalisation entered into one of Chinas biggest city Beijing, the officials thought of it as a trend which is being propagated or driven by the advancements in the scientific and technological world which had lead to the increased cross national movement of investment income, goods and services, and the movement of the so called knowledge i.e. know how. At first there was an emphasis on simply the aspect of technological drivers to globalization hence restricting globalisation to the economic realm in the official Chinese analyses. However, the term was later understood that it included social , cultural, political and even security dimensions. The Chinese put early attentions on the opportunity for economic development and overlooked the concerns of the US hegemony, issue of westernisation, national sovereignty and other controversial issues in the political realm. Long before the 1990s when globalisation became a known world phenomenon, the Chinese participation to the world economy was undeniably increasing. When Deng Xiaoping officially took power in the year 1978, the cross border flow of investment cash flows, goods and services, information and technology had increased tremendously. This was further accelerated in the 1990s. By the mid of the 1990s the economic ties of China with the rest of the world seemed critical to the robust economic growth that made China the envy of industrialising countries everywhere. For example, by 1992 China stood as the worlds leading recipient of foreign direct investment (FDI) among developing countries. Indeed, FDI accounted for sizable (and growing) percentages of Chinas domestic investment, industrial output, exports, tax revenues, and job growth before globalisation became a catchphrase. A series of events in the late 1990s tested Chinas initial, somewhat romantic, notions of globalisation quickly and severely (Croucher, 2004). 2.1 Reasons for China going global China decided to globalise as it has learnt from her past history that isolation has made her to backwardness. However, in order to achieve durable economic growth and prosperity in todays world of rapid change in technology and dynamic business environment, the right way is to integrate with the worlds economies through trade liberalisation which in turn might enable her to increase sales, acquisition of resources and minimise risks. China has changed itself from being the worlds greatest opponent of globalisation, and greatest disrupter of the global facilitators into a committed member of those facilitators and advocate of globalisation. Currently, China has decided to transform itself from a closed economy (communist with a strictly trade barriers) to a more open (liberalised) economy than other Asian countries in particular Japan. However, the acceptances of using some of the foreign rules and laws, the use of foreign languages like English in their institutions as well as education and commitment to global competition are not just modernising Chinese institutions but altering Chinese civilisation. The economic successes of China are indeed associated with trade liberalisation, corporation and other key aspects of globalisation (Overholt HW, 2005). Contrary to the early fears, Chinas economic growth has stimulated majority of her neighbours trade and even foreign investment rather than frightening them. Indeed, the recent growth of China has enabled Japan to revitalise its economy and even saved her neighbours from global economic downturn and become recession proof. The success of China has become one of the remarkable things among the most important and leading economies in the modern history. However, its economy faces the world history of the most severe combination of banking, urbanisation as well as employment challenges, on which by 2020 a demographic squeeze will have possibly few workers supporting many dependents (Overholt HW, 2005). 3.0 Impact of globalisation on emerging economies the case of China Globalisation has brought tremendously positive and negative impacts on the national economy. Though it has raised competition as well as interdependence among economies in the global market in particular emerging market economies, it also enables emerging and developing economies to contribute in the growth of the global GDP, the following figure from IMF estimates, illustrates as estimated from the year 2005 up to 2010. Soucce:http://www.dwc-emergingmarkets.com. However, there are many effects that globalisation has had on developing and emerging countries such as China. Some of the effects have been viewed as positive and others as negative. Below is an analysis of the effects of globalisation that were described in essay one which is specific to the Chinese country. The aspects that will be focused on therefore include the economical, social, environmental, political and technological impacts of globalisation on China. Economic impact As discussed earlier, economists have linked a lot of global events to globalisation and integration. Globalisation in terms of economics is the process of increasing integration among different countries, resulting into the establishment of a single world market. Globalisation encourages foreign trade, reduction or removal of trade barriers, therefore economic growth and development http://www.bukisa.com and (Croucher, 2004). The aspect of the economy that has been impacted by globalisation in China include; the issues of trade, finances, investments etc. 3.1.1 Trade As mentioned in the previous sentence above, globalisation has an effect on trade. Globalisation encourages trans-national trading which eventually leads to economic growth. China has benefited from this tremendously. For the past 30 years Chinas export level has increased by 17% a year. The Chinas international trade levels have also increased dramatically due to globalisation. In the mid 2000s, China was accepted in the world trade organisation (WTO) in response to the trend in globalisation and the reduction in the trade barriers, the opening-up to foreign investments (in particular manufacturing) as well as international trade. This enabled the country as a whole to enjoy the globalisation benefits because it provides opportunities if exploited and sustained will eventually contribute in the countrys economic growth through international trade and foreign investments in both direct and portfolios. Moreover, China has witnessed a significant growth for the past ten years in tradin g with other nations around the global as a result of trade liberalisation and the process of globalisation. There has been a tremendous increase in the investment flow due to globalisation. The diagram below shows the trend of Chinas trade which means export, import, and trade balance. The data from National Bureau of Statistics of China in the year 2006 illustrates that the export trade exceeds import trade. Source; http://www.japanfocus.org/_Ming_WAN/2576. According to Croucher (2004), the data show that from the year 2001 to 2007 then Chinese has had an increase in the growth of economics at an average of 8.5% per year. All material and non-material indicators show a rise in income, life expectancy and standard of living. Also there has been an increase in overall education level and overall reduction in poverty. 3.1.2 Finance When looking at the aspect of finances, one can view before and after globalisation in China. Before, the united republic of China had loosened the policies it had on foreign affairs; it had a banking system that was very inefficient, a system that was very weak in terms of its structure. Globalisation has improved this aspect in a way that is unimaginable because it has provided a fierce competition to the rest of the world. In globalisation era, in order for the financial institutions like banks to match with the rapid change in technology as well as unpredictable business environment, these financial institutions in particular banks must be more creative and innovative in improving its standards to match with the standards of the world economy in order to attract and protect foreign investors. Because of this, the banks of the united republic of China have improved efficiency and competitiveness. (Croucher, 2004). 3.1.3 Income inequality The aspect of globalisation has introduced a more capitalist system in China where instead of communal ownership; the aspect of ownership has become more of individualistic nature. This being the case, there is no longer equal distribution of income among the people of China. This has benefited some of the members who believed that they deserve more for the more work they did, this has created a gap among the rich and the poor people that was not there in the past. However, the wealth obtain in this era of globalisation are still concentrated in few developed countries as well as few powerful individuals while leaving emerging economies with an empty hands even though are generated from them. 3.1.4 Investment Globalisation has increased trading in China as a result it increases the amount of overall income and therefore increase in the savings amount. This increase of savings actually caused the people to inject more and more money into their local banks. The injection of this money eventually increases the overall capital in the banks and the amount of money for investment in the Chinese economy. The issues of lending has now moved to a whole new level, companies from one country ask for loans from banks in a different country as well as banks of one country can now put branches in other counties which automatically affects the economies. Governments of one nation go and obtain loans from other nations. A typical and yet most amazing scenario is the fact that the American government being in millions of debt to China which is an emerging economy. (Croucher, 2004). As mentioned in essay one, the economy of a nation relies a lot on the business environment that exists. Whether there is high domestic trading or there is a wider range of investments from international companies. Globalisation has enabled the economies of different countries become integrated. The GDP of China has benefited a lot as a result of globalisation. As mentioned earlier Chinas GDP has been growing at a rate of 10%, one of the fastest growing rates in the world. No doubt globalisation has increased the foreign direct investments in different nations. At this point in time the Mc Donalds company of the United States of America had made a record entry to Chinese economy when the policies of these countries had allowed room for the free market economy. The impact of globalisation on Chinas economic growth is far-reaching. During the past 20 years, Chinas international trade expanded 16 times, with its ranking in the world to seventh place from the original position of 32nd. Trade dependence rate lifted from 10 to 36%. In terms of the amount of FDI, China is now the largest economy amongst emerging economies as regarded as the faster growing economy supported by its favourable business environments, which favour foreign investors as they can achieve location economies as well as cheap skilled labour to work in their manufacturing companies. According to a modular study on the synergy of FDI conducted by the Development Research Centre of the State Council, Chinas GDP recorded an average annual growth rate of 9.7% over the past 20 years, of which 2.7% was attributed to FDI. (Owens 2008). Though Chinas GDP has shown a smooth growth and an increase in FDI, but different wage standards for Chinese and other emerging economies where skil led people in technology sector for example become discrimination as they are less paid while the same level in the same professional are highly paid in developed countries compared to them. Socio-cultural Impact Another notable impact of globalisation has been on the culture of the Chinese people. The simplest way of defining culture is by acknowledging that it is the way of living of people in a certain community. This also means that it is the way in which people of a certain population and ultimately country tends to carry out their daily activities. Globalisation has been in the aspect of spreading multiculturalism due to availability of more opportunities to settle in far countries. People of various cultural heritages are attracted to live and study the economic heartbeat on the global. These people go with their cultures in these places and this result into multicultural societies: However, there is a real danger of these diverse cultures to disappear because of assimilation in these new societies and spread of pop culture. There have been different effects of globalisation on the cultures of different societies including both negative and positive. Below is the brief explanation on t he positive and negative impacts of globalization on the Chinese culture. The Chinese culture has been affected by globalisation. One of the things that can be considered to be positive effects is the introduction of the social networking in the country. Due to globalisation people of China are now able to use the face book, twitter, my space etc which allow them to interact with the outside world through technology. Good things that are being practiced in other cultures are easily adopted by China people. Globalisation has been seen as a catalyst for change in the cultures by the imposition of the pop culture (western culture). For example the way in which people talk, act, dress etc has changed over the last few decades. The type of music that people listen to globally has changed; even the morals of certain societies have changed. The issues of education, different interests on social events etc are now exposed to the Chinese people who previously have been guarded in their own culture. Furthermore, there are now different beliefs such as Christianity, Islam which have been introduced to China that was initially blocked by the communist country. Their negative impact has included the issue of increased exposure to indecent culture. For example issues move from simple as people wearing revealing clothes such as mini skirts, skin jeans, and watching unethical video which are very dangerous to children. For example pornography has now eluded most of the cultures of different people including those in China. It is completely true that many people are forgoing their heritage for the new living styles which are believed to be more modernised. Now people believe that if you speak your native language and do not know how to speak English, then you are not really educated. All these are a result of globalization. The way in which people communicate has now also changed. People have conversations via the phone and have reduced the more traditional way of communication which was to visit and see each other physically. No longer are people playing sports outside, they rather play video games, watch movies in the house, all these are a result of globalization. Furthermore there is a change in the type of ownership in the emerging economies. Other effects include the fact that now access to television grew from a lower percentage of the urban population (1991) to more than 75% of the urban population (1999). Cable television and foreign movies became widely available for the first time and have acted as a catalyst in bulldozing the cultural boundaries. All these technologies have changed perceptions and dreams of ordinary people. Unmarried boys and girls are sharing same apartment and staying away from their parents. Scientific and technological innovations have made life quite comfortable, fast and enjoyable. There is more availability of cheap and filthy material (CDs or DVDs of Hollywood movies, porn movies, sex toys, foreign channels like MTV) in the name of liberalisation. Few years back, in China and even in other developing and communist countries, basic phones or land-line was a prestige symbol but now possibility of finding people riding a bicycle while holding a mobile phone (cellular phone) in hand listening to music using ear phones, internet browsing, talking or even clicking cameras of their phones is a normal issue. In reality, globalisation has highly affected the dot-com generation or society than the earlier generation known as conservative. The introduction of cable network has increased exposure and imitation of foreign cultures such as western where youth have build a culture of celebrating different occasions like birthdays, valentine days but to the contrary, these celebrations has increased the number of friendship between girls and boys whose end-up to sexual relationship and hence result into sexual transmitted diseases. The aspect of globalisation has introduced a more capitalist system in many nations that were primarily involved in communal ownership; the aspect of ownership has become more of individualistic nature. There is no longer the culture of equal distribution of income among the people of china. Environmental Impact The environment has been effected by globalisation in a very unique way. Globalisation presents a mixed blessing for the environment. It creates new opportunities for cooperation but also gives rise to new issues and tensions. For example, liberalised trade may generate economic growth, which in turn, may translate into increased pollution, including trans-boundary spillovers of harm (super externalities) and unsustainable consumption of natural resources (Dua and Esty 1997). Likewise, economic integration strengthens competitive pressures across national borders that may help consumers by lowering prices, improving service, and increasing choice (Bhagwati 1993, 2000). But these same pressures constrain national government capacities to regulate and necessitate intergovernmental coordination of domestic policies as well as cooperation in the management of the global commons. Without effective international-scale governance, globalisation may intensify environmental harms wherever reg ulatory structures are inadequate (Nordstrom and Vaughan 1999). As mentioned earlier the environment basically refers to every thing that surrounds us. In the globalised world more and more business opportunities have emerged for the different businesses in the world as a consequence of the businesses that are engaged in manufacturing and involve in the emission of harmful substances that have increased and eventually have caused destruction in the ozone layer in different parts of the world. The Chinese is highly affected because of being a centre for manufacturing companies from developed countries such as USA that source cheap resources like raw materials and labour. This is one of the causes or ways that led China to become very environmental destructive as it has been industrialising using harmful substances as source of energy. This has caused the LDCs people to suffer from diseases like cancer etc. There has been also an aspect of selling less efficient or low quality products to LDCs hence China in one way or another is continuing dumping harmful products to LDCs who cannot be able to pay for the highly quality products. The Chinese companies are selling their products to developing countries like Tanzania which are harmful at reduced costs, but in reality, many of their products are imitated and also being of low quality, however, they do this as a way of dumping their waste products since the majority of customers from developing countries can not afford to buy the same products of better quality exported to developed countries. On the other hand, through globalisation there are now campaigns all over the world that relate to environmental protection. International treaties e.g. the Kyoto Protocols, debates and policies on environmental friendly productions have been signed and made by different nations. The reduction in green house emission treaties have been signed by many nations in the world and this has tremendously affected China because China is one of the largest polluters in the world. (Owens 2008). Technological The Chinese are now the ones who imitate all the existing technologies anywhere in the globe, as they reveal that they can copy everything except your mother (Daniels et al 2009). The arena of globalisation has made the latest technologies to exist in every part of the world. Ranging from the latest mobile phones, laptops, video games and all other gadgets, globalisation in one way or the other has ensured that no one is left behind. Globalisation has lead to the increase in the spread of technology all over the world and China has capitalised on this. China is now becoming the largest provider of cheap products that resemble the modern technology in the African market. Every product that is produced or sold in the developed countries, the Chinese produces them and sells them at cheaper prices in the less developed countries. At this point in time, practically all parts of the world are aware of the existing technologies every where. The technology that is used in Europe is also used in China and at times even found in Africa. Globalisation has enabled the world to create, modify different technological devices that were founded by someone else in the different part of the global. (Owens 2008). Political-legal Globalisation has impacted on the issue of political and legal environment. As described in essay one, globalisation has been at the centre acting as intermediary or facilitator in the increased international laws that are in existence, the existence on the global organisations that provide principles across the world. The United Nations (UN) has had a significant part in the way in which it wanted the politics of the Chinese people to be put. Some have seen that the presences of globalisation in the affairs in China are causing the Country to lose its sovereignty. The latter is because China is always being scrutinised by the international countries. For example all countries are now looking at the policies of China and try to challenge some of the things that it is doing. The issues of communism, the issue of not allowing the foreign religions, the issue of suppressing capitalism are all being challenged by the world bodies in relation to China. (Croucher, 2004). 4.0 Conclusion and Recommendations Globalisation is an ever increasing phenomenon that is not passing-by but staying. Globalisation is inevitable especially in todays competitive business environment where customers and fierce competition force businesses to go global. Through reform and opening-up (trade liberalisation) over the past 20 years in the Chinese environment, it has been evident that China has accumulated valuable experiences as well as sound material strengths. Today China is in the best position to face the global competition as a result of globalisation; the emerging economy like China has seen super exponential growth which is the benefit of properly assessing the global environment today. There are many detrimental aspects of globalisation in many countries but the benefits are far reaching. With the concerted efforts of the Chinese people, the strategic goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way will be achieved. By learning swimming through practice, China will master the art of riding the tide of globalisation and in the process we will surely achieve the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Knowing the fact that the issue of the benefits depends on the country and the context that the benefits are viewed from, then China has been good in assessing this situation and now becoming one of the largest beneficiaries from globalisation. The issues that are related to the loss of a countrys freedom and sovereignty that play a key part on whether to embrace or reject globalisation, nevertheless, globalisation will happen. In a brief overview though one can see that there are many economically related benefits that have been associated with China being part of globalisation with an annual 10% growth in the gross domestic product. Again economically China has expanding sales as a result of diversification to other markets globally as a means of widening their markets; this has enabled them to build their customers base. The Chinese now have the African market which is highly being targeted by the western nations. The increase in the market is because of the acceptance of globalisation and its conditions. At the moment, China has transformed itself from the worlds greatest opponent of globalisation, and greatest disrupter of the global institutions created, into a committed member of those institutions and advocate of globalisation. It is now a far more open economy than Japan and it is globalising its institutions to a degree not seen in a big country since Meiji Japan. Adoption of the rule of law, of commitment to competition, of widespread use of English, of foreign education, and of many foreign laws and institutions are not just updating Chinese institutions but transforming Chinese civilisation. All of Chinas economic successes are associated with liberalisation and globalisation as well as other aspect of globalisation that has brought China further successes. Never in the world history have so many workers improved their standards of living so rapidly. China has effectively become an ally of U.S. and Southeast Asian promotion of free trade and investment than it is acceptable to Japan, India and Brazil. Globalisation has also influenced the establishment of Chinas national and cultural identity. Although cultural globalisation might easily blur the cultural identity of an individual national culture, it could also bring about something positive. It has actually brought people of the Third World with both positive and negative effects: If we face the challenge in a critical way and make full use of the opportunities to develop the national culture in a broad international context, this will most probably highlight the Chinese national and cultural identity and make the essence of Chinese culture and literature known to the world. All in all the above was the discussion of the impact of globalisation on China.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Olympics Essay -- essays research papers

The Olympics The Olympics are a huge sporting event that contains many different sports and consists of many different countries from around the world. Back in ancient Greece is where the ancient Olympics originated. It was primarily a part of a religious festival in honor of Zeus the father of Greek Gods and Goddesses. The Olympics where held at the sanctuary of Zeus at Olympia, which is in Western Peloponnesos. From 776 BC, the games took place at Olympia every 4 years for almost 12 centuries. In 776 BC the only event was the Stadion Race that was a foot race 600 feet long, Koroibos, a cook from Elis, won it. Additional athletic events were gradually added until; by the 5th century BC it was a 5-day program that consisted of three foot races, the pentathlon, boxing, wrestling, pankration, and the hoplitodromos. The Greeks that came to the Sanctuary of Zeus at Olympia shared the same religious beliefs and spoke the same language. There where no females in the Olympics at this time so all the athletes where males who came from every corner of the Greek world, as far as Iberia in the West and the Black Sea in the East. Although the ancient games where staged in Olympia, from 776 BC through 393 AD, it took 1503 years for the Olympics to return. The first modern Olympic games took place in Athens Greece in 1896. The man responsible for the rebirth was a Frenchman named Baron Pierre De Coubertin, who presented the idea in 1894. His original idea was to present the modern games in 1900 in his hometown Paris. But others were so enthusiastic with the idea that they convinced him to move it to 1896 and have Athens host it. There were many great athletes throughout the history of the Olympics, But where some of the athletes worthy of earning a prize worth a hefty amount of money. This question has came about a numerous amount of times. But the word Athlete is a Greek word that means â€Å"one who competes for a prize† and is also related to the Greek words athlos meaning â€Å"contest† and athlon meaning â€Å"prize†. According to the Roman author Plutarch, an Olympic victor who was a citizen of Athens could expect to receive in the year 600 BC a cash reward of 500 drachmai, a literal fortune. Later in Hellenistic periods, pensions for athletes became more formalized and could actually be bought and sold. But were the ancient Olympics just for men? Along with the athletic conte... .... Summer Winter 1896-Athens 1924-Chamonix 1900-Paris 1928-St.Moritz 1904-St.Louis 1932-Lake Placid 1908-London 1936-Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1912-Stockholm 1948-St.Moritz 1920-Antwerp 1952-Oslo 1924-Paris 1956-Cortina d’Ampezzo 1928-Amsterdam 1960-Squaw Valley 1932-Los Angeles 1964-Innsbruck 1936-Berlin 1968- Grenoble 1948-London 1972-Sapporo 1952-Helsinki 1976-Innsbruck 1956-Melbourne 1980-Lake Placid 1960-Rome 1984-Sarajevo 1964-Tokyo 1988-Calgary 1968-Mexico City 1992-Albertville 1972-Munich 1994-Lillehammer 1976-Montreal 1998-Nagano 1980-Moscow 2002-Salt Lake City 1984-Los Angeles 1988-Seoul 1992-Barcelona 1996-Atlanta 2000-Sydney 2004-Athens   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is also statues up that are there to commemorate those who had been caught cheating or Bribing at the Olympic games. These were set up on the walkway leading from the heart of the altis to the vault that leads to the stadion, not by accident the path that leads to the entrance of the athletic competition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Olympics are a great tradition and they will last a very long time just like its done in the past.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

The Exposure of Feminist Critique in 19th Century Literature: a Look at Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre

Resistance is the action of fighting back against an unwanted force that may be deemed oppressive in ones life. It is created for different causes and comes in many forms; it may be made verbal, explicit, implicit, physical, and even made humorous or satirical. Charlotte Bronte, a 19th century Victorian feminist wrote her novel Jane Eyre as a means of exposing the confining environments, shameful lack of education, and pitiful dependence upon male relatives for survival (Brackett, 2000). Charlotte Bronte used literature as a means of feminist cultural resistance by identifying the underlying factors of how the Victorian ideologies, gender and social construction of that time was limiting, and brings to light barriers that faced women in the early 19th century, and these same barriers that continue to face women today. Her feminist writings during this time period explored the depths of feminism and the ideas of limitations through class distinctions and boundaries in a hierarchal, classist, and sexist society during the time of Victorian England. You can read also Analysis of Literary Devices of Jane Eyre Charlotte Bronte’s novel Jane Eyre is a prime example of the use of feminist long fiction, which features female characters whose quest for self-satisfaction causes conflict within a traditionally patriarchal society (Brackett, 2000). Victorian ideologies in Bronte’s work and life are highly evident. In Jane Eyre, Bronte introduces and constantly refers to Jane as plain and stresses her lack of requisite beauty as the heroine of the novel. Presumably in male Victorian literature, the heroine or more so, damsel is presented as a fair maiden, with rosy cheeks and flashing eyes. Bronte uses this mould and opposes it by creating a female who is â€Å"puny, with irregular features whose unpromising physical attributes never fail to be remarked upon by everyone she encounters and by herself† (Brackett, 2000). Bronte purposely illustrates Jane as this â€Å"un-ideal† heroine to poke at the typical ideological female heroine. She also defies ideological Victorian etiquette in Jane Eyre. When Rochester is introduced to Jane, Bronte presents a feminist portrait of Jane and the time period in which a â€Å"woman walking alone in that era should never address a man, but Jane goes out of her way to help Rochester–she even lets him place his hand on her shoulder, and even though Rochester tries to stop her, Jane explains that she would never walk away without helping a person in need† (Brackett, 2000). The reversal of sex roles in the novel illustrates Bronte’s disapproval of the way women in Victorian society were deemed as unworthy of giving help and only receiving it. Throughout the novel Bronte ensures that Jane is constantly saving Rochester from emotionally and physically damaging situations. She rejects Rochester’s assumption that she is helpless, and declares her independence by saying, â€Å"I am no bird; and no net ensnares me; I am a free human being with an independent will which I now exert to leave you,† (Bronte, 282). Jane’s independence of mind in Victorian society â€Å"possesses her to a degree that would be a handicap to the conventional Victorian marriage and is a threat to the literary tradition of masculine heroism† (Bell, 1996). Bronte presents a Jane as realist, yet a utopian romantic, while at the same time confronting social reality. Everything Jane says enforces that she is not the typical romantic heroine whose life story shall end in marriage. Bronte uses Jane as a heroine who is able to recognize and finally break down the barriers if gender, and class. Resisting social construction during Bronte’s time is a difficult feat when women are dependant on men and wealth for survival. The idea of maintaining one’s class or fear becoming a poor outcast is presented several times throughout Jane’s life. Jane at a young age does not want to be associated with poorness by refusing to give up her middle class status she feels entitle to while living with the Reeds. When Jane is asked if she wants to find any of her other relatives she replies, â€Å"I should not like to belong to poor people† (Bronte, 10), and adds â€Å"I could not see how poor people had the means of being kind†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Bronte, 10) after finding out that they too were poor. Jane is taught at a young age to look down on people not of her caste, and to oppress them the same way that she herself is oppressed as a female orphan. Though Jane is not influenced directly by social status at all times, it is still a constant factor which Bronte makes evident. In Victorian England, a female must either be born or married into her social class, and this is what defines her. The character of Jane served to undercut the popular female stereotypes of fiction: the angel of the house, the invalid, or the whore (Brackett, 2000). Bronte creates Jane as her own force, in which she is neither the angel, invalid or whore, but a young lady who is intelligent and has pride and dignity. In this Victorian society, her unsubmissiveness and independence is her social fault, which Bronte pokes fun at (Brackett, 2000). Male Victorian writers cast women during this time as social, finagling creatures whose goals are to obtain as many friends as possible and throw the most elaborate parties. Bronte opposes this by creating Jane as an opposite of these â€Å"defining† characteristics, by making Jane a female who could are less about how many people adore her, a female who would actually enjoy a life with few companions. As mentioned before, Jane’s sense of dignity is evident. As Jane became Rochester’s governess, she is faced with the option of becoming Rochester’s mistress, causing this internal battle between her love for Rochester and her self respect. Instead Jane declines this proposal as she would rather have her self respect intact, a move not many women would have chosen in Victorian society. Bronte is not only vocal about the absurdness of these Victorian ideologies, but she is also stringent in pointing out that these ideologies directly oppress the female gender. In Jane Eyre, Bronte criticizes the Victorian conceptions of gender roles. She does this in many ways throughout the novel, but one was by pointing out in Jane Eyre that Bertha Mason is seen as â€Å"inhuman† when she acts out by setting her husbands bed on fire. Bertha’s enraged with fury at her husband Rochester’s betrayal because he got engaged to Jane; Bronte conveys the point that women during this time should restrain all emotion, or else they are seen as alien. Bronte also stresses education, or lack thereof, which was something that women during that time either has very little of, or had no access too depending on their class. In a scene, when Jane is all but eight years old, Jane receives cruel treatment from her younger male cousin John Reed, and when she retaliates she is reprimanded for it and is told to treat her â€Å"young master† with respect, causing her to wonder is she herself is seen as a servant. Another idea of oppression through gender during the Victorian era in Jane Eyre is when Jane has to decide between either becoming either a teacher or a governess. This is important because it highlights that women had only two options in terms of employment, and both of which consist of male superiors. While lack of education in women was common during this time, Bronte again forces the reader to recognize Jane as being an individual, whose intelligence and education is equal to that of a man’s. Upper class women never had occupations, nor did they ever work. But following Jane’s engagement to Rochester, she tells him that she will continue to work because she refuses to be dependant on a man, and that she will not be subservient to him. Here Bronte is exposing the Victorian idea of dependency on husband/male relatives for survival, by making Jane dependant on only herself. She forces the reader to see that she has created Jane and Rochester equal. During the Victorian era, gender plays a defining role in how one is perceived within these Victorian ideologies and oppression because of gender, Women are supposed to be very calm generally but women feel just as men feel; they need exercise for their faculties, and a field for their efforts as much as their brothers do; they suffer from too rigid a restraint, too absolute a stagnation, precisely as men would suffer; and it is narrow-minded in their more privileged fellow-creatures to say that they ought to confine themselves to making puddings and knitting stockings, to playing on the piano and embroidering bags. It is thoughtless to condemn them, or laugh at them, if they seek to do more or learn more than custom has pronounced necessary for their sex† (Bronte, 96). This passage highlights Jane’s feelings of imprisonment and of the female condition, where females are clearly not treated as equal to men, and discusses Bronte’s own views on the general conditions of Victorian women. This passage also alludes to Bronte’s critique of not only gender roles, but the feelings of imprisonment of society, of her class, and of her battle with her feelings as a woman with morals. Bronte’s use of literature as an exposing agent of women during Victorian societies is important to the feminist cultural resistance movement. Throughout the novel, the oppression of women within Victorian ideologies, gender and social class is made clear, and Bronte uses Jane as an opposing force against these restraining ideas of the time. Jane not only has an ambiguous social standing, which leads to her to criticise discrimination based on one’s class, but she also is constantly fighting more powerful male forces than herself in order to not be seen by her sex but as a human individual. While this book was written in the 19th century, its vision does work towards social justice, recognizing and trying to bring to light these barriers that have and still continue to dominate the female sex. Bronte uses her art to expose male cultural power and female social identity during a time of artistic male dominance.

Friday, November 8, 2019

APES Climate Change Essays

APES Climate Change Essays APES Climate Change Paper APES Climate Change Paper Proxy Indicators types of indirect evidence that serve as substitutes for direct measurements from a different time or place Ice Core Data A type of proxy indicator scientists examine air bubbles from ancient atmospheres that are trapped in deep layers of ice by extracting columns from the ice, or ice columns Climate Models programs that combine what is known about atmospheric circulation, ocean circulation, atmosphere-ocean interactions, feedback loops. IPCC an international panel of scientists established by UNEP that issued the Fourth Assessment Report Fourth Assessment Report consensus of scientific climate research that documents observed trends in climate change factors and predicts future changes based on further greenhouse gas emissions United States Global Research Program created by congress to coordinate federal climate research. predicts many things, including:(1)average temps will rise 3-5?(2)droughts and floods will worsen (3) snowpack will decrease> water shortage (4)Sea level rise will cause loss of coastal wetlands and real estate Hadley vs. Canada Model Hadley Model estimates less drastic temperature increases than Canadian Model, which estimates increases of up to 25? F. Electricity Generation is the number 1 largest contributor to US CO2 emissions (about 40%) Sources of Electricity Fossil Fuel Combustion-50% of electricity comes from coalwe can change to cleaner sources, but havent yet Automobile Effectiveness -62% lost to friction/engine heat-17% idling-5% inefficiencies-2% radio/AC appliances=_________________________only 14% of fuel input goes toward movement 2 main ways to reduce emissions -conservation and efficiency-switching to cleaner renewable sourcesother notable ways include:-agricultural sustainablilty -sustainable forestry-waste management UN FCCC Outlined a plan for reducing greenhouse gas emissions to levels back in 1990s by 2000. It was on a voluntary basis, so many nations didnt comply Kyoto Protocol unlike the FCCC which was voluntary, this was a COMPULSORY agreement for signatories of the treaty to bring emission levels back down. US didnt sign -__- Addressing Climate Change Because Bush Admin. didnt take action, states and local governments responded to popular desire for limiting greenhouse emissions by signing US Mayors Climate Protection Agreement; they would meet or beat Kyoto Protocol. Carbon Offset practice used in Cap n Trade policy. It is a voluntary payment to another entity intended to enable that entity to reduce the greenhouse emissions that one is unable or unwilling to reduce on their own. Basically, pay to be allowed more emissions Global Climate Change trends and variation in Earths climate, involving aspects such as temperature, precipitation, and storm frequency/intensity. Global Warming increase in Earths average surface temperature (just one aspect of Global Climate Change) Factors Influencing Climate Change there are natural effects, i.e. the sun, but primarily Fossil Fuel Combustion and Deforestation. Greenhouse Gases Gases that absorb infrared adiation very effectively: Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, Ozone, CFCs Greenhouse effect the warming of Earths surface and atmosphere (especially trophosphere) caused by the energy emitted from greenhouse gases CO2 spike caused by Burning Fossil Fuels, Deforestation Aerosols Microscopic droplets and particles that have either a warming or cooling effect. Milankovitch Cycles Three periodic changes in the Earths rotation (axial wobble, variation of tilt, variation of orbit) that alter the way solar radiation is distributed on Earths surface El Nino conditions are triggered when air pressure increases in western Pacific and decreases in easter Pacific. ( I like to think El Nino=East, No.) ^_^ La Nina opposite of El Nino NADW North Atlantic Deep Water: Created by the loss of heat from warm currents arriving at Europe, which become colder and denser and sink.

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Adam Smith essays

Adam Smith essays Adam Smith was born in Kirkcaldy, Fife, Scotland. His exact date of his birth is unknown but he was baptized on June 5, 1723. At the age of fifteen, Smith began attending Glasgow University where he studied moral philosophy. In 1748 he began giving lectures in Edinburgh where he discussed rhetoric and later he began to discuss the economic philosophy of the simple system of natural liberty which he later proclaimed in his Inquiry into Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. In 1751, Smith was appointed professor of logic at Glasgow university, transferring in 1752 to the chair of moral philosophy. His lectures covered the field of ethics, rhetoric, jurisprudence and political economy. In 1759 he published his Theory of Moral Sentiments, embodying some of his Glasgow lectures. This work was about those standards of ethical conduct that hold society together, with emphasis on the general harmony of human motives. Smith moved to London in 1776, where he published An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, which examined in detail the consequences of economic freedom. It covered such concepts as the role of self-interest, the division of labor, the function of markets, and the international implications of a laissez-faire economy. The Wealth of Nations established economics as an autonomous subject and, launched the economic doctrine of free enterprise. In the western world, it is the most influential book on the subject. When the book, which has become a classic manifesto against mercantilism, appeared in 1776, there was a strong sentiment for free trade in both Britain and America. This new feeling had been born out of the economic hardships and poverty caused by the war but the British public and parliament still clung to mercantilism for many years to come. Smith laid the intellectual framework that explained the free market and still holds true today. He is most often rec ...

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Love and desire Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Love and desire - Article Example This is a topic of legislative debate across many countries, and it is unlikely that the contest will end soon. In Canada, there are groups calling for the striking off segments of the Criminal Code, mainly sections 210 to 213, which criminalize prostitution and related activities in order to protect sex workers and their clients (Betteridge, 2005, p. 11). On the other hand, there are others who are against the decriminalization of prostitution as this will only expose the prostitutes and the general public to greater risks. This weighty matter has left lawmakers and other stakeholders at crossroads. The main aim of this paper is to contribute to the debate on whether or not these activities should be decriminalized in Canada by arguing against the decriminalization. Decimalization of prostitution poses a major threat to the life and security of women, promotes sex trafficking, increases child prostitution and helps to expand the sex industry. Decriminalizing of prostitution will thu s prove costly in the long run. Why Prostitution should not be decriminalization In order to protect the lives and safety of the general public, it is important for prostitution to be viewed and treated as a form of sexual exploitation rather than as an occupation and a source of income. Decriminalizing prostitution has a number of consequences. First, decriminalization will lead to an increase in sex trafficking cases, both at local and international levels. As noted in the report by The Evangelical Fellowship of Canada (2010), it is likely that third party business persons will want to profit from such activities by acting as middlemen or entrepreneurs. These people will be involved in the ‘marketing’ and ‘selling’ of women for sex. In the event that these middlemen lack adequate women to satisfy the market demand for sex, it is certain that they will engage in trafficking of women for sex. This will put the entire country at risk. This will lead to an in crease in kidnap cases across the country and neighboring countries as well. Decriminalizing prostitution is one way of indirectly involving non-prostitutes in these activities since every man or woman will be seen as a potential client by these middlemen. This affects people’s daily activities and movements due to the fear of being kidnapped. In addition, this will paint a negative image of the country to the outside world, and thus affecting Canada’s relations with other countries. Secondly, decriminalization will only help to expand the sex industry in the country. This will mean that at all times, women of different races and ages will be put on display for sale, and this may involve foreigners trafficked from other countries (Raymond, 2003, p. 318). Prostitution will be converted into a quick profit earning business. This will significantly contribute to the expansion of the sex industry since people will start to engage in different forms of sexual exploitation i ncluding phone sex, table dancing and peep shows in order to satisfy their desires. In addition, decriminalization will further increase the access and consumption of pornographic material in the country. The major disadvantage is that when the sex industry is expanded, a majority of the population may be drawn into these activities, either voluntarily

Friday, November 1, 2019

The great man theory Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The great man theory - Assignment Example The article takes a deeper look at the great man theory that puts it clear that a great leader is God given not man-made. It only provides two options; either one is born as leader or one is not born a leader. The history of the great man theory dates back to the 19th century, when great leaders seen at that time were in born heroes, for instance Abraham Lincoln, Mahatma Gandhi and Alexander the Great. The theory had also focused on the highly quested positions in the army which were hereditary from father to son. This also led to the name, great man theory since no women were holding commanding positions. In the 1800s, military authoritative positions would paint the leadership skills of a man. With the assumption that the skills are inborn, the son of the leader was to take over since it was believed they had the same skills as their fathers. Thomas Carlyle, a Scottish writer, is credited for his move to popularize the theory in the 1840s. According to Thomas Carlyle, the history o f the world is nothing, but a bibliography of great men. He also believed that great leaders are those born with divine inspiration and proper characteristics to lead a group of people. The theory simply tends to separate leaders and followers. It gives the assumption that leaders differed from their followers. The theory portrays the fact that, in society different people posses different levels of intelligence, energy and moral strength, and in whatever way people are influenced to go, they are always led by the superior minded few. (Miller, Vandome & McBrewster, 2010). Back in the days, many leaders had the opportunity of having a chance of leadership through the birthright. This hindered the lesser in society in having the opportunity to be leaders. This brought up the assumption that leadership abilities are inherent. Proponents of this theory comprise of the world great leaders who came into power due to situational causes, for instance, John F Kennedy, Martin Luther King and Lee Lacocca. In another concept, a great leader always steps up regardless of their social status or location. A person with inborn leadership qualities will effect positive change in every place he or she goes. A person may not be a holder of an authoritative post but influences great masses to any direction he or she wishes. In deed, this is a description of a born leader according to the great man theory. Applications of this theory are visible in modern day management. Apart from government organizations, private company owners prefer to hand over their businesses to their sons after their retirement. They believe the leadership skills in them have been passed on to their sons. With this, one is able to see the long life of an organization, which has been led by one family for over 40 years. In some cases, the application of the inherent leadership posts may be difficult for offsprings but situational purposes make the shoes fit for them. Another application may be evident in co ntesting of parliamentary or presidential posts. In many instances, it has been